Malformaciones müllerianas: actualización y revisión a propósito de casos clínicos, 2022 / Müllerian malformations: update and review of clinical cases, 2022

Las malformaciones müllerianas (MM) son un grupo de anomalías estructurales originadas por fallas de desarrollo de los conductos paramesonéfricos o de Müller durante las primeras 16 semanas de gestación. Un oportuno diagnóstico y una correcta clasificación permiten ofrecer el mejor manejo y diferenciar aquellas pacientes que requieren tratamiento quirúrgico. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre MM en las bases de datos Epistemonikos, SciELO, Cochrane y PubMed. Se rescataron todas las pacientes ingresadas con diagnóstico de MM. En el año 2021, la American Society of Reproductive Medicine publicó un consenso en el que se estandarizó la nomenclatura, se amplió el espectro y se simplificó la clasificación. La clínica es variada, e incluye pacientes asintomáticas cuyo diagnóstico es un hallazgo por imágenes. Los mejores estudios imagenológicos son la resonancia magnética (RM) y la ultrasonografía 3D, dejando la histeroscopia y la laparoscopia (método de referencia) como procedimiento diagnóstico-terapéutico. Se presentan casos clínicos desarrollados durante el primer trimestre de 2022. Recomendamos la utilización sistemática de la RM para el diagnóstico de anomalías complejas u obstructivas del aparato genital. El tratamiento de estas patologías debe ser realizado por ginecólogos endoscopistas expertos, e incluye tratamiento médico y quirúrgico, el cual debe ser enfocado en cada paciente dependiendo del tipo de MM y de los deseos de fertilidad.

Müllerian malformations (MM) are a group of structural anomalies caused by developmental failure of the paramesonephric or Müllerian ducts during the first 16 weeks of gestation. Timely diagnosis and classification allow us to offer the best management and to differentiate those patients who require surgical treatment. Literature review on MM in Epistemonikos, SciELO, Cochrane and PubMed databases. All patients admitted with a diagnosis of MM were rescued. In 2021, the American Society of Reproductive Medicine publishes a consensus where it standardizes the nomenclature, broadens the spectrum, and simplifies the classification. The clinical picture is varied and includes asymptomatic patients whose diagnosis is an imaging finding. The best imaging studies are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 3D ultrasonography, leaving hysteroscopy and laparoscopy (gold standard) as diagnostic therapeutic. Clinical cases developed during the first trimester 2022 are presented. We recommend the routine use of MRI for the diagnosis of complex and/or obstructive anomalies of the genital tract. The treatment of these pathologies should be performed by expert endoscopic gynecologists and include medical and surgical treatment, which should be focused on each patient, depending on the type of MM and fertility desires.

Evisceración vaginal espontánea en paciente con antecedente de histerectomía: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Spontaneous vaginal evisceration in woman with prior pelvic surgery: case report and literature review

Reportar un caso de evisceración vaginal espontánea en paciente con antecedentes quirúrgicos de histerectomía vaginal y hacer una revisión de la literatura sobre los principales factores de riesgo asociados a la presentación de este evento. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 74 años multípara de 12 partos vaginales con antecedente ginecológico de histerectomía vaginal en 2012, en el año 2014 una sacroespinocolpopexia con colocación de cinta transobturadora más colporrafia anterior, en 2018 presenta cuadro con asas intestinales protruyendo con signos de isquemia a través de defecto en cúpula vaginal, se realiza resección de intestino delgado y anastomosis termino-terminal, con posterior cierre de defecto por vía abdominal. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo, Google Scholar y Science Direct para artículos publicados en inglés y español, de los últimos 22 años. Se identificaron 16 títulos que cumplieron con los criterios de selección, los resultados de la revisión muestran factores de riesgo comunes. La evisceración vaginal por dehiscencia de la cúpula vaginal es una patología poco prevalente, el abordaje mínimamente invasivo, que ha aumentado en los últimos años, ha conllevado un aumento de la incidencia, siendo la histerectomía por laparoscopia el de mayor riesgo.

To report a case of spontaneous vaginal evisceration in a patient with a surgical history of vaginal hysterectomy, and to review the literature on the main risk factors associated with the presentation of this event. We present the case of a 74-year-old multiparous patient with 12 vaginal deliveries with a gynecological history of vaginal hysterectomy in 2012, in 2014 a sacrospinocolpopexy with placement of transobturator tape plus anterior colporrhaphy, in 2018 she presented with intestinal loops protruding with signs of ischemia through a defect in the vaginal vault, resection of the small intestine and end-to-end anastomosis were performed, with subsequent closure of the defect through the abdomen. A search was made in the PubMed, Scielo, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases for articles published in English and Spanish, from the last 22 years. 16 titles that met the selection criteria were identified; the results of the review show common risk factors. Vaginal evisceration due to dehiscence of the vaginal vault is a rare pathology, the minimally invasive approach, which has increased in recent years, has led to an increase in incidence, with laparoscopic hysterectomy being of greater risk.

Robotic management of congenital urethra-vaginal fistula with transverse vaginal septum

ABSTRACT Introduction: The transverse vaginal septum (TVS) with congenital urethra-vaginal fistula (CUVF) is a rare anomaly of the mullerian duct (1, 2). Incomplete channelling of the vaginal plate, or an abnormality in the fusion of the vaginal component of mullerian duct with the urogenital sinus results in TVS (1, 3, 4). High CUVF occurs due to the persistent communication between the urogenital sinus and utero-vaginal primordium at the tubercle sinus, whereas low CUVF is due to excessive apoptosis of the vaginal plate during channelling (5). The principles of management of CUVF with TVS include: 1) TVS resection, 2) Create a neovagina. We present a case of CUVF with TVS managed by robotic assistance. Material and methods: A 24-year-old female, married for 3 years, presented with cyclical hematuria since menarche, dyspareunia and primary infertility. Examination revealed blind ending vagina 4cm from the introitus. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a fistulous communication between urethra and vagina, and TVS. Cystourethroscopy confirmed a proximal urethra-vaginal fistula. Urethroscopy guided puncture of the TVS was performed, tract dilated and a catheter was placed across it. Robotic assisted transvaginal approach was planned. Air docking of robot was performed. Traction on the catheter was given to identify the incised edges of the septum. Vaginal flaps were raised laterally, fistulous tract was excised. Proximal vagina mucosa was identified and vaginoplasty was performed. Result: Patient's postoperative recovery was uneventful. Urethral catheter was removed after 5 days. She had normal voiding and menstruation. Vaginoscopy performed at 1st month follow-up, revealed an adequate vaginal lumen. Vaginal moulds were advised for 6 weeks during the night, following which she resumed her sexual activity. She conceived 6 months post-surgery, and delivered a child by caesarean section. Conclusion: We successfully managed this case by resection of septum, neovagina creation and thereby achieving normal menstruation and conception. The advantages of robotic approach were magnification, precision and manoeuvrability in a limited space, avoiding a vaginal release incision.

Characteristics and Surgical Repair Outcomes of Obstetric Fistula Patients Managedata Teaching Hospital in Zambia: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

BackgroundThe obstetric fistula is a chronic maternal morbidity of global public health concern. The condition is preventable and, in most cases, treatable. Surgicalrepairis themainstay of treatment with varying degrees of success. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics, surgical outcomes and factors influencing surgical outcomes of women presenting with obstetric fistulas at a Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods: Aretrospective review of medical records for all women who underwent obstetric fistula repair surgeryat Women and Newborn Hospital from 2017 to 2019. Descriptive analysis was done. Fischer's exact test was used to measure association between surgical outcomes and variables in the model.: ResultsIn total,18 out of 29 records of patients who underwentfistularepairwereretrievedandanalyzed. Ages ranged from 15 to 47 years, mean age 29years.Overtwothirds(72.23%)weremultiparous, and over 3/4ths (77.8%) underwent caesarean section in the antecedent pregnancy. Success rate for fistula repair was 83%at 2 weeks post-operative.Study findings were inadequate to show a significant association between successful repair and factors in the model. Conclusion: Majority of women presenting with obstetric fistula were multiparous with a history of prolonged labour, delivery by caesarean section and poor birth outcomes. Success rate for obstetric fistula repair at Women and Newborn Hospital was 83% at 2weeks postoperative. Further studies are needed to assess long-term outcomes and factors influencing surgical outcomes.:

Maternal factors and short-term outcome associated with episiotomy during vaginal delivery at the Women and Newborn Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia

Objective:To explore the maternal factors and short-term outcomes associated with episiotomy during vaginal delivery at Women and Newborn Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.Materials and Methods:An unmatched case control study was conducted in postnatal wards of Women and New-born hospital in Lusaka, Zambia between November 2019 and April 2020 with convenient sample for the cases and systematic sample for the controls.Asemi-structuredintervieweradministered questionnaire was used and 102 participants (cases) who had episiotomy performed were recruited while 204(controls) werewithoutepisiotomy.Results:Atotal of 306 (102 are cases and 204 are control) were included. Age was found to be a good predictor of episiotomy in that those younger than 18 years were more than seven times likely to have an episiotomy (AOR=7.65; 95%CI 1.36-18.21; p=0.035). It was also found out that primi gravidas were five times likely to have an episiotomy performed compared to parous women (OR=4.96; 95%CI 2.58-9.52; p<0.001). Out of those delivered by a midwife, 73(28.3%) participants had an episiotomy performed compared to 29(60.4%) deliveredbyamedicalofficer.Multivariateregression it was shown that being delivered by a midwife was protective against an episiotomy (OR=0.260; 95%CI 0.14-0.49; p=0.001). Out of the 102 participants who had an episiotomy, only two had third degree tear extension. It was also noted that 99 out of 102 (97%) participants who had an episiotomy experienced post-delivery perineal pain compared to 94 out of 204(46%) of those who had no episiotomies. In univariate analysis, it was found that post-delivery perineal pain was associated with episiotomy (p<0.001). It was further found that those who had an episiotomy performed were about 4 times likely to experience perineal pain post- delivery (OR=3.8; 95%CI 1.2-12.3) Conclusion:Maternal factors associated with episiotomy includedage,parity,method of induction,and the personnel conducting the elivery. Shorttermmaternaloutcomesofepisiotomy were perineal tear extension, and post-delivery perineal pain. It was found that 8.5% of women had undergone an episiotomy done on them. Health professional conducting deliveries should be educated on indications of episiotomy, patient selection during episiotomy and trained on surgical skills to repair episiotomy to reduce morbidity associated the procedure.

Family, religion, and sex education among women with vaginismus: a qualitative study / Família, religião e educação sexual em mulheres com vaginismo: um estudo qualitativo / Familia, religión y educación sexual en mujeres con vaginismo: un estudio cualitativo

The diagnosis and treatment of vaginismus are complex, involving biopsychological factors and insufficient etiological assessment. For this reason, we discuss the aspects implicated in vaginismus concerning religion, family, and sex education from the perspective of women affected by vaginismus. This qualitative, exploratory study addressed nine women who experienced vaginismus, accompanied by dyspareunia or not. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. The results are distributed into two categories: learned concepts about sex and searching for knowledge to fill in information gaps concerning sexuality and sexual dysfunctions. Inadequate sex education leads to ignorance, rigidity, and misconceptions, generating insecurity. Thus, it is relevant to instruct and sensitize families, workers, and those in religious contexts regarding a healthy and constructive way to address sexuality while respecting beliefs and values. There is also a need to improve the health care services provided to this population.

O diagnóstico e o tratamento do vaginismo são complexos porque envolvem fatores biopsicossociais e insuficiente avaliação etiológica. Por conta disso, buscou-se discutir aspectos do vaginismo referentes à religião, família e educação sexual, sob a perspectiva de mulheres que apresentam essa disfunção. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, de caráter exploratório, com nove mulheres que experienciaram vaginismo acompanhado ou não de dispareunia. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisados a partir da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados foram dispostos em duas categorias referentes às concepções apreendidas sobre sexo e a busca por conhecimento diante das lacunas de informações sobre sexualidade e disfunções sexuais. Percebe-se que uma educação sexual inadequada propicia desconhecimento, rigidez e equívocos, o que gera insegurança. Portanto, é necessário instruir e conscientizar as famílias, os profissionais e os contextos religiosos acerca de formas saudáveis e construtivas de abordar a sexualidade, respeitando crenças e valores. Aponta-se ademais para a necessidade aprimoramento na prestação de serviços em saúde para essa população.

El diagnóstico y tratamiento del vaginismo son complejos, implican factores biopsicosociales y una evaluación etiológica insuficiente. Debido a esto, buscamos discutir aspectos del vaginismo relacionados con religión, familia y educación sexual, desde la perspectiva de las mujeres con vaginismo. Este es un estudio exploratorio cualitativo con nueve mujeres que experimentaron vaginismo, con o sin dispareunia. Los datos se recopilaron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y se analizaron en función del análisis de contenido. Los resultados fueron organizados en dos categorías con respecto a los conceptos aprendidos sobre sexo y la búsqueda de conocimiento frente a lagunas de información sobre sexualidad y disfunciones sexuales. Se percibe que una educación sexual inadecuada proporciona ignorancia, rigidez y malentendidos, generando inseguridad. Por lo tanto, es necesario instruir y crear conciencia entre familias, profesionales y contextos religiosos sobre formas saludables y constructivas de abordar la sexualidad, respetando creencias. También señala la necesidad de mejorar la provisión de servicios de salud para esta población.

Gestantes con infección urinaria pertenecientes a un área de salud del municipio Guanabacoa, La Habana / Pregnant women with urinary infection in a health area of the municipality of Guanabacoa, La Habana

RESUMEN Introducción: la infección urinaria en el embarazo constituye uno de los principales problemas de salud, que influyen de forma directa en el desarrollo del embarazo y el parto. Objetivo: caracterizar las gestantes con infección urinaria, pertenecientes al área de salud del Policlínico Universitario "Ángel Machaco Ameijeiras" de Guanabacoa, La Habana, Cuba, de enero 2019 a enero 2020. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal en 129 gestantes del área de salud y periodo de tiempo antes definidos. La información se obtuvo de las historias clínicas individuales. Las principales variables a medir fueron: edad materna, germen causal, modificaciones cervicales, y complicaciones prenatales y post natales más frecuentes. Resultados: predominó la infección urinaria en 52 pacientes (40,31 %), el grupo de edades de 26-30 años fue el más representado, con 47 casos (36,43 %), las modificaciones cervicales estuvieron presentes en 35 pacientes (67,30 %) y el germen causal más frecuente fue el staphylococcus ssp en 22 pacientes (42,30 %) y valor P=0,01. La presencia de bajo peso/ crecimiento intrauterino retardado se representó en 18 pacientes (34,61%). Conclusiones: se caracterizó las gestantes incluidas en el estudio, predominó la existencia de infección urinaria y el bajo peso fue la complicación más representada (AU).

SUMMARY Introduction: the urinary infection in pregnancy is one of the main health problems, influencing in a straight way in pregnancy development and childbirth. Objective: to characterize pregnant women with urinary infection belonging to the health are of the University Polyclinic "Ángel Machaco Ameijeiras" of Guanabacoa, La Habana, Cuba, from January 2019 to January 2020. Materials and methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 129 pregnant women of the aforementioned health area during the period herein declared. The information was gathered from the individual medical records. The main variables measured were: maternal age, causal germ, cervical modifications and more frequent prenatal and postnatal complications. Results: urinary infection predominated in 52 patients (40.31 %); the 26-30 age group was the most represented one, with 47 cases (36.43 %); cervical modifications were present in 35 patients (67.30 %); and the most frequent causal germ was the Staphylococcus ssp., in 22 patients (42.30 %), P value=0.01. Low weight/IUGR was present in 18 patients (34.61 %). Conclusions: pregnant women included in the study were characterized, predominating the existence of urinary infection. Low weight was the most represented complication (AU).

Desgarro perineal con mucosa vaginal íntegra tras primera relación sexual / Perineal tear with intact vaginal mucosa after first sexual intercourse

RESUMEN Las lesiones del tracto genital femenino tras relaciones sexuales son un problema frecuente en las urgencias de ginecología, pero poco estudiado salvo su aspecto médico-legal. Su incidencia es desconocida ya que muchas mujeres no llegan a consultar por miedo o pudor. El reconocimiento precoz de estas lesiones y su correcto tratamiento puede evitar la parición de secuelas que acompañarán a nuestra paciente durante el resto de su vida. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 18 años con un desgarro perineal con mucosa vaginal íntegra tras su primera relación sexual.

ABSTRACT Injuries to the female genital tract after sexual intercourse are a frequent problem in gynecological emergencies, but little studied except for their medico-legal aspect. Its incidence is unknown since many women do not go to their specialist out of fear or embarrassment. Early recognition of these injuries and their correct treatment may prevent the appearance of sequelae that will accompany our patient for the rest of her life. We present the case of an 18-year-old patient with a perineal tear with intact vaginal mucosa after her first sexual intercourse.

Vaginitis citolítica y los errores terapéuticos: Cómo hacer un diagnóstico y tratamiento diferenciado de la vaginitis candidiásica recurrente / Cytolystic vaginitis. How to make a diagnosis and differentiated treatment from recurrent caginitis vaginitis

Introducción: La vaginitis citolítica (VC) se refiere a la lisis de las células del epitelio intermedio de la vagina causado por un aumento de lactobacilos que provocan acidificación extrema de la vagina. Los síntomas pueden llevar a confundir su diagnóstico con vulvovaginitis candidiásica (VVC), por lo que puede ser tratada de manera errónea con antimicóticos sin responder al tratamiento. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento diferencial de la VC. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en varias bases de datos: Academic Google, Scopus, PubMed, LILACS, ClinicalKey utilizando los términos MeSH y DeCS: "vaginitis citolítica", "cytolitic vaginitis", "vulvovaginitis candidiásica", "vaginitis recurrente". Resultados: Se identificaron 42 artículos de los cuales se seleccionó 34 para la presente revisión. Discusión: En la VC a través de estudios complementarios se puede identificar abundantes lactobacilos, especialmente L. crispatus y pH vaginal inferior a lo normal. El examen lipídico de secreciones vaginales, sugiere la existencia de niveles elevados de lípidos relacionados con apoptosis celular, estrés oxidativo y sobrecrecimiento bacteriano. El objetivo del tratamiento es mejorar la exagerada acidez vaginal para lo cual se recomienda el empleo de baños de asiento o duchas vaginales con bicarbonato de sodio entre otras medidas. Conclusiones: La VC es una entidad frecuente pero poco conocida, comúnmente confundida con VVC. Su tratamiento debe evitar el uso de antimicóticos.

Safety and efficacy of Vecchietti vaginoplasty in vaginal agenesis: cohort study. Medellín, Colombia 2007-2012 / Segurança e eficácia da vaginoplastia de Vecchietti na agenesia vaginal: coorte de 2007 a 2012 / Seguridad y eficacia de la vaginoplastia de vecchietti en agenesia vaginal: estudio de cohorte, en medellín, colombia, 2007 a 2012

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la técnica de vaginoplastia de Vecchietti (TVV) en pacientes diagnosticadas con agenesia vaginal secundaria y hacer una aproxima- ción a la seguridad y eficacia de esta técnica. Materiales y métodos: cohorte histórica de pacientes con agenesia vaginal secundaria al síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser y al síndrome de insensibilidad androgénica, a quienes se les realizó vaginoplastia por técnica de Vecchietti en el Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, institución de referencia, de alta complejidad, en el periodo 2007 a 2012. Se excluyeron quienes tenían una vagina funcional para relaciones coitales. Muestreo consecutivo. Se midieron variables socio- demográficas, clínicas, de seguridad y de eficacia. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: el principal motivo de consulta fue la amenorrea primaria (69,2 %). Las malformaciones asociadas fueron agenesia renal derecha (15,4 %) y malformaciones esqueléticas (15,4 %). Se presentó una perforación intraoperatoria de la vejiga y tres complicaciones menores (23,1 %) en el posoperatorio. En el 84,6 % de ellas se obtuvo una vagina funcional a un año de seguimiento. Conclusiones: la TVV es una técnica quirúrgica simple que ha permitido obtener resultados funcionales satisfactorios con complicaciones menores. Se requieren estudios con grupo control para tener una mejor evaluación de la eficacia de las diferentes técnicas de construcción de la neovagina.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the Vecchietti vaginoplasty technique (VVT) in patients diagnosed with sec- ondary vaginal agenesis and to analyze the safety and efficacy of this technique. Materials and methods: Historical cohort of patients with vaginal agenesis secondary to Mayer- Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser and androgen insensitivity syndromes, subjected to vaginoplasty using the Vecchietti technique at San Vicente Fundación University Hospital, a high complexity referral institution located in the city of Medellín, during the time period between 2007 and 2012. Patients with functional a vagina for intercourse were excluded. Sampling was consecutive. Sociodemographic, clinical, safety and efficacy variables were measured. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: The main complaint was primary amenorrhea (69.2%). Associated malformations included right renal agenesis (15.4%) and skeletal malformations (15.4%). There was one intra-operative bladder perforation and, postoperatively, there were three (23.1%) minor complications. At 1-year follow-up, a functional vagina had been obtained in 84.6% of cases. Conclusion: Vecchietti vaginoplasty is a simple surgical technique resulting in satisfactory functional outcomes with only minor complications. Further studies with control groups are required in order to better assess the efficacy of the various techniques used for neovagina creation.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a técnica da vaginoplastia de Vecchietti (TVV) em pacientes diagnosticadas com agenesia vaginal secundária e fazer uma abordagem a respeito da segurança e eficácia desta técnica. Materiais e métodos: coorte histórica de pacientes com agenesia vaginal secundária à síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser e à síndrome de insensibilidade androgênica, que foram submetidas a uma vaginoplastia pela técnica de Vecchietti no Hospital Universitário San Vicente Fundación, estabelecimento de referência, de alta complexidade, no período 2007-2012. Foram excluídas aquelas pacientes que tinham uma vagina funcional para relações coitais. Amostragem consecutiva. Foram mensuradas diversas variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, de segurança e de eficácia, utilizando o método de estatística descritiva. Resultados: o principal motivo de consulta foi a amenorreia primária (69,2%). As malformações correlatas foram agenesia renal direita (15,4%) e malformações esqueléticas (15,4%). Verificouse uma perfuração intraoperatória da bexiga e três complicações menores (23,1%) no pós-operatório. Em 84,6% delas conseguiu se uma vagina funcional durante o primeiro ano de acompanhamento. Conclusão: a TVV é uma técnica cirúrgica simples que permitiu obter resultados funcionais satisfatórios com complicações menores. É preciso levantar estudos com grupo-controle para fazer uma melhor avaliação da eficácia das diferentes técnicas de construção da neovagina.

Úlcera de Lipschütz, un diagnóstico para considerar en la población pediátrica / Ulcer of Lipschütz, a diagnosis to consider in the pediatric population

La úlcera vulvar aguda o úlcera de Lipschütz corresponde a una entidad poco frecuente, por lo general, subdiagnosticada. Se caracteriza por la aparición súbita o aguda de lesiones ulcerosas y dolorosas en la vulva, la vagina y/o el periné, sin antecedente de contacto sexual en niñas y adolescentes. Su etiología permanece desconocida en la mayoría de los casos, aunque se ha asociado a agentes infecciosos. Para su estudio, se deben sospechar infecciones de transmisión sexual, reacciones adversas a medicamentos, enfermedades autoinmunes e inmunosupresión. Las lesiones ulcerosas desaparecen espontáneamente, de manera habitual, sin secuelas ni recurrencias a largo plazo. Se presenta el caso de una paciente adolescente de 11 años, sin inicio de actividad sexual ni menarquia y que consultó por un cuadro prodrómico de cuatro días, seguido del desarrollo agudo de úlceras genitales. Se discuten sus causas, presentación clínica, diagnósticos diferenciales y tratamiento.

Acute vulvar ulcer or ulcer of Lipschütz corresponds to a rare disease, being usually underdiagnosed. It is characterized by a sudden or acute development of ulcerous and painful lesions in the vulva, vagina and/or perineum, without a previous history of sexual contact in girls and teenagers. Its etiology remains unknown in most cases, although they have been associated with infectious agents. Their study includes the suspicion of sexually transmitted infections, adverse drug reactions, autoimmune diseases and immunosuppression. The ulcerative lesions disappear spontaneously, usually without sequelae or recurrences in the long term. We present the case of an 11-year-old adolescent patient, without sexual initiation, or menarche and who consulted due to a four-day prodromal condition, followed by the acute development of genital ulcers. Its causes, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

Lichen planus with multiple system involvement including the mouth, vagina, urethra, and scalp: a case report

This is a case report of lichen planus (LP) with multiple system involvement. A 35-year-old female patient was admitted in November 2014 with a 5-year history of painful/difficult sexual intercourse and loss of oral mucosa, and an 8-year history of focal hair loss. Earlier, the patient had been unable to adhere to corticosteroid therapy because of severe adverse side effects. In September 2014, labia minora mucosa defects and stricture of the urethral orifice (with dysuria), vaginal orifice, and vagina were identified. Biopsy was performed and a diagnosis of erosive LP was made. The patient was treated with an oral immunosuppressant (cyclosporine A) and urethral/vaginal dilatation. Urine flow rate and sex life were improved after 6 months and she discontinued medication. Four years later, the patient reported a good overall treatment efficacy. LP can involve multiple systems and should be considered in patients with dyspareunia. Immunosuppressive agents can achieve a satisfactory effect in patients with contraindication to corticosteroid.

Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019

This study aimed to determine the status of common parasitic disease in Korea in 2019. Twelve parasitic diseases were selected: toxocariasis, anisakiasis, paragonimiasis, sparganosis, cysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, clonorchiasis, enterobiasis, trichuriasis, trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, and malaria. Their biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms and signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis were evaluated. Of the parasitic diseases, toxocariasis was the most prevalent according to serological results. Anisakiasis should be considered when acute gastrointestinal symptoms occur with a recent past history of raw seafood ingestion. Paragonimiasis, sparganosis, and cysticercosis can be diagnosed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; thus, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay needs to be performed for suspected cases. Toxoplasmosis and cryptosporidiosis are opportunistic infections. The symptoms and signs are aggravated under immunocompromised conditions. Although the egg positivity rate of Clonorchis sinensis is higher than that of other intestinal parasitic diseases, encountering patients with complaints of symptoms caused by clonorchiasis is rare because the worm burden is low. Trichomoniasis is usually managed by gynecologists; therefore, it should be included in the differential diagnoses of vaginal diseases. The annual number of malaria cases has decreased, although it remains at approximately 500 cases per year. Malaria should be suspected when symptoms such as intermittent fever, headache, and splenomegaly are noted especially when the patients reside near demilitarized zones. Although the prevalence and number of reported cases of parasitic diseases have decreased in Korea, we should consider parasitic diseases in the list of differential diagnoses.

O Laser e o tratamento da flacidez e atrofia vulvo-vaginal: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Laser and the treatment of vulvo-vaginal laxity and atrophy: an integrative review of literature

A atrofia vulvo-vaginal (VVA) é uma condição progressiva e crônica que se manifesta como involução das mucosas vulvo-vaginais e tecidosdevido à diminuição dos níveis de estrogênio. O uso do laser com papel terapêutico ganhou interesse como um tratamento não hormonal para a VVA. Esse estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos dos lasers de CO2 e Erbium: YAG na flacideze atrofia vulvo-vaginal em mulheres menopausadas. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, realizada na base de dados PubMed, utilizando os descritores: vagina, postmenopause, vulvovaginal atrophy, vulvovaginal laxity e laser. Ambos os tipos de lasers aumentam a espessura do epitélio pavimentoso estratificado, estimulam a produção de fibras colágenas, elásticas e outros componentes da matriz extracelular, melhoram a irrigação vascular da vagina e aliviam os sintomas de secura, ardor e dispareunia. No entanto, a duração dos efeitos terapêuticos e a segurança de aplicações repetidas ainda precisam ser mais bem estudados.(AU)

Vulvo-vaginal atrophy (VVA) is a progressive and chronic condition that manifests as involution of the vulvovaginal mucosa and tissues due to decreased levels of estrogen. The use of laser with therapeutic paper gained interest as a non-hormonal treatment for VVA. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of CO2 and Erbium: YAG lasers on vulvovaginal laxity and atrophy in menopausal women. It is an integrative review, carried out in the PubMed database, using the descriptors: vagina, postmenopause, vulvovaginal atrophy, vulvovaginal laxity and laser. Both types of lasers increase the thickness of the stratified squamous epithelium, stimulate the production of collagen, elastic fibers, and other components of the extracellular matrix, improve vascular irrigation of the vagina, and relieve symptoms of dryness, burning, and dyspareunia. However, the duration of therapeutic effects and the safety of repeated applications still need to be better studied.(AU)

Carcinoma neuroendocrino primario de vagina. Revisión de literatura a propósito de un caso / Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the vagina. Literature review on the subject of a case

RESUMEN El carcinoma primario de vagina representa 1 a 2% de los cánceres ginecológicos, siendo la diferenciación histológica neuroendocrina de células pequeñas extremadamente infrecuente, sólo se han reportado 28 casos en la literatura, describiéndose en orden de frecuencia en cérvix, endometrio, ovario, vagina y vulva. Se observa con más frecuencia en mujeres postmenopáusicas. Se presenta el caso de paciente femenino, de 39 años de edad, quien acude a la consulta por presentar secreción genital serohemática, fétida, de 1 mes de evolución, evidenciándose al examen físico lesión exofítica, friable, renitente, de aproximadamente 4 cm de diámetro, en tercio superior y cara posterolateral izquierda de vagina, por lo que se realiza biopsia excisional de dicha lesión, siendo el diagnóstico anatomopatológico carcinoma neuroendocrino de células pequeñas, grado histológico: 3. A propósito de este caso, se realiza una revisión del tema, haciendo hincapié en la importancia de la exploración ginecológica exhaustiva que incluya tomas de citologías y colposcopias periódicas, tomando en cuenta la vagina y así, realizar diagnóstico precoz en vista que el riesgo de carcinoma en dicha zona es infrecuente, mejorando el pronóstico y sobrevida de las pacientes.

ABSTRACT The primary carcinoma of the vagina represents 1 to 2 % of gynecologic cancers, being the histological differentiation neuroendocrine of small cells extremely infrequent, only 28 cases have been reported in the literature, describing in order of frequency: in the cervix, endometrium, ovary, vagina and vulva. It is most commonly seen in postmenopausal women. We present the case of a female patient, 39 years old, who comes to medical consult due to serohematic, fetid, genital discharge of 1 month of evolution, evidencing at physical examination an exophytic lesion, friable, renitent, with a diameter of approximately 4 cm, in the upper third and posterolateral left side of the vagina, for which an excisional biopsy of said lesion is performed, being the anatomopathological diagnosis neuroendocrine carcinoma of small cells, histological grade: 3. A bibliography reviewed was made, emphasizing the importance of exhaustive gynecological exploration with periodic cytology and colposcopy examinations, including the vagina for early diagnosis in view of carcinoma risk in this area is uncommon, improving the prognosis and survival of patients.

Colpocleisis para el tratamiento del prolapso de cúpula vaginal grave / Colpocleisis for the treatment ofadvanced vaginal vault prolapse

INTRODUCCIÓN: El prolapso de los órganos pélvicos (POP) es una condición cuya prevalencia aumenta con la edad. Es necesario que los cirujanos comprendan las indicaciones, riesgos, limitaciones y resultados de las varias técnicas quirúrgicas disponibles. En este artículo se aborda el tratamiento quirúrgico obliterativo del POP (colpocleisis y colpectomia) en base a la revisión de estudios. TÉCNICA: En la literatura son descritas muchas variaciones de las técnicas obliterativas. Con el objetivo de reglamentar la técnica para futuros estudios, describimos la técnica de LeFort modificada, realizada por los autores. Los métodos obliterativos tienen un tiempo operatório, morbilidad perioperatoria reducida y una tasa baja de recurrencia del prolapso. El índice de calidad de vida y satisfacción de la paciente son altos. CONCLUSIÓN: La literatura existente respecto a la colpocleisis es limitada por la calidad metodológica. Por tanto, no hay nivel de evidencia I o II, en lo que se refiere a la colpocleisis. Sin embargo, esta técnica debe hacer parte del arsenal terapéutico del cirujano en el abordaje de los prolapsos severos en mujeres mayores.

INTRODUCTION. The pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a condition whose prevalence increases with age. Surgeons need to understand the indications, risks, constraints and results of various surgical techniques. This article is about obliterative surgical treatment of POP (colpocleisis and colpectomia) and it is based on the review of studies is discussed. TECHNICAL. In the literature are many variations of the techniques obliterative. In order to regulate the art for future study, we describe the technique of LeFort modified by the authors. The obliterative methods have operatory time, reduced perioperative morbidity and a low rate of recurrence of prolapse. The index ofquality oflife and patient satisfaction are high. CONCLUSION. The literature regarding the colpocleisis is limited by methodological quality. Therefore no evidence level I or II, in what concerns the colpocleisis. However, this technique should be part of the armamentarium of the surgeon in addressing severe prolapse in elderly women.

Subclinical atherogenesis in patients with mild psoriasis: A role for IL-6? / Aterogênese subclínica em pacientes com psoríase leve: um papel para IL-6?

Summary Introduction: A link of psoriasis with subclinical atherosclerosis has been postulated and cytokine network might intermediate this association. Few data are available in patients with mild psoriasis. We evaluated carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in drug-free psoriatic individuals and controls. In parallel, we searched for associations of cIMT with disease activity indexes and serum interleukins (IL) in psoriatic patients. Method: An experienced radiologist performed the cIMT analyses. Cytokine concentrations were assessed by flow cytometry. Disease activity was evaluated based on psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) as well as body surface area (BSA). Results: Sixty-five (65) patients and 64 controls were studied. Mean age of patients (50.9 years) did not differ from controls (p=0.362). A low PASI and BSA (< 10) prevailed (69.2% and 56.9%, respectively). Median levels of IL-12p70, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 were significantly lower in cases than in controls (adjusted p<0.05), while IL-6 and IL-8 medians did not differ between groups (adjusted p>0.05). Smoking habit and diabetes mellitus predominated in cases (p=0.002). An altered cIMT (≥ 0.9 mm) was more frequent in cases than in controls (23.8% versus 8.5%, adjusted p=0.045). Mean cIMT was higher in cases with a borderline significance (p=0.057). cIMT scores did not correlate to PASI (rs=0.066; p=0.250) or BSA (rs=0.175; p=0.185), but did correlate significantly with serum IL-6 (rs=0.26; p=0.005). Conclusion: Subclinical atherosclerosis was more frequent in patients with mild psoriasis than controls. cIMT in psoriatic individuals correlated with serum IL-6, pointing to an eventual proatherogenic role of IL-6 in these patients. Newer studies should clarify the connection of atherogenesis with cytokines in psoriasis.

Resumo Introdução: Foi postulada uma ligação entre psoríase e aterosclerose subclínica. A rede de citocinas pode intermediar essa associação. Poucos dados estão disponíveis em pacientes com psoríase leve. Avaliamos a espessura íntima-média carotídea (cIMT) em psoriáticos e controles livres de medicação. Paralelamente, pesquisamos a associação de cIMT com os índices de atividade de doença e interleucinas séricas (IL) em pacientes com psoríase. Método: Um radiologista experiente procedeu à análise do cIMT. As concentrações de citocinas foram avaliadas por citometria de fluxo. A atividade da doença foi avaliada pelo índice de gravidade (PASI) e pela área de superfície corporal (BSA). Resultados: Sessenta e cinco (65) pacientes e 64 controles foram estudados. A idade média dos pacientes (50,9 anos) não diferiu dos controles (p=0,362). PASI e BSA baixos (< 10) prevaleceram (69,2% e 56,9%, respectivamente). As medianas de IL-12p70, TNF-α, IL-1β e IL-10 foram significativamente menores nos casos do que nos controles (p<0,05 ajustado), enquanto as medianas de IL-6 e IL-8 não diferiram nos grupos (p>0,05 ajustado). Tabagismo e diabetes mellitus predominaram nos casos (p=0,002). Um cIMT alterado (≥ 0,9 mm) foi mais frequente nos casos do que nos controles (23,8% versus 8,5%, p=0,045 ajustado). A média de cIMT foi maior nos casos com significância borderline (p=0,057). Os escores de cIMT não se correlacionaram com o PASI (rs=0,066; p=0,250) ou o BSA (rs=0,175; p=0,185), mas se correlacionaram significativamente com a IL-6 sérica (rs=0,26; p=0,005). Conclusão: A aterosclerose subclínica foi mais frequente em pacientes com psoríase leve do que nos controles. Em psoriáticos, cIMT correlacionou-se com níveis de IL-6 no soro, apontando para um eventual papel pró-aterogênico para a IL-6 nesses pacientes. Novos estudos devem esclarecer a ligação da aterogênese com citocinas na psoríase.

New therapeutic option in genitourinary syndrome of menopause: pilot study using microablative fractional radiofrequency / Nova opção terapêutica na síndrome geniturinária da menopausa: estudo piloto utilizando radiofrequência fracionada microablativa

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the clinical response of patients with symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause after application of microablative fractional radiofrequency in the vagina and vaginal introitus. Methods: Fourteen patients with symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause underwent three applications of microablative fractional radiofrequency with a 30-day interval, using the Wavetronic 6000HF-FRAXX device and a fractional vaginal electrode. The questionnaires World Health Organization Quality of Life (for quality of life evaluation), Female Sexual Function Index and Quality of Life Adapted Questionnaire in the Domain of Sexual Satisfaction (for sexual function and satisfaction evaluation) were administered before and after the applications (30 to 60 days after the last procedure), in addition to the satisfaction questionnaire after procedure. Results: There was an increase in almost all dimensions on average in quality of life, with statistical significance only in the health domain. There was a significant improvement in the sexual domains in almost all dimensions. All patients stopped using lubricant during intercourse after treatment. In the satisfaction questionnaire after treatment, we observed that the vast majority felt cured or much better (29% and 64%, respectively, total of 92.6%) and were very satisfied or satisfied (43 and 57%, respectively, total of 100%). The only patient who reported little improvement had an 18-year postmenopausal history and was treatment naïve. Conclusion: Microablative fractional radiofrequency was effective in treating symptoms of vaginal dryness and dyspareunia, and eliminated the use of vaginal lubricant during the period observed. Since this is a pilot study with a small number of patients, further studies are required to corroborate our findings and evaluate the long-term effects of microablative fractional radiofrequency on the vaginal tissue.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar resposta clínica de pacientes com sintomas da síndrome geniturinária da menopausa após aplicação de radiofrequência fracionada microablativa na vagina e no introito vaginal. Métodos: Quatorze pacientes com sintomas de síndrome geniturinária da menopausa foram submetidas a três aplicações de radiofrequência fracionada microablativa com intervalo de 30 dias, utilizando aparelho Wavetronic 6000HF-FRAXX e eletrodo vaginal fracionado. Foram aplicados os questionários World Health Organization Quality of Life (para avaliar qualidade de vida), Female Sexual Function Index e Quality of Life Adapted Questionnaire in the Domain of Sexual Satisfaction (para verificar função sexual e satisfação) antes e depois das aplicações (30 a 60 dias após último procedimento), além do questionário de satisfação após procedimento. Resultados: Na qualidade de vida, houve aumento na média em geral, com significância estatística apenas no quesito saúde. No domínio sexual, houve melhora significativa em quase todas as dimensões. Todas as pacientes cessaram o uso de lubrificante na relação sexual após o tratamento. No questionário de satisfação após tratamento, a maioria se sentiu curada ou muito melhor (29 e 64%, respectivamente; total de 92,6%) e estava muito satisfeita ou satisfeita (43 e 57%, respectivamente; total de 100%). A única paciente que relatou pouca melhora tinha história de 18 anos de pós-menopausa e era virgem de tratamento. Conclusão: Radiofrequência fracionada microablativa foi efetiva em tratar sintomas de ressecamento vaginal e dispareunia, e eliminou o uso de lubrificante vaginal durante o período observado. Por se tratar de estudo piloto com pequena quantidade de pacientes, mais estudos são necessários para corroborar estes achados e avaliar os efeitos a longo prazo da radiofrequência fracionada microablativa no tecido vaginal.

Vaginal evisceration related to genital prolapse in premenopausal woman

ABSTRACT Background Vaginal evisceration is a rare problem, usually related to a previous hysterectomy. We report a case of spontaneous rupture of the cul-de-sac in a premenopausal woman under treatment with glucocorticoids to treat Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), with uterine prolapse that occurred during evacuation. Case Report A 40-year-old woman with SLE, using glucocorticoids, with uterine prolapse grade 4 (POP-Q), awaiting surgery presented at the emergency room with vaginal bleeding after Valsalva during defaction. Uterine prolapse associated with vaginal evisceration was identified. Under vaginal examination, we confirmed the bowel viability and performed a vaginal hysterectomy and sacrospinous fixation. Case hypothesis This case draws attention to the extreme risk of untreated uterine prolapse, as well as the importance of multidisciplinary care of patients with vaginal prolapse and chronic diseases.